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41.
为保障水产品质量安全和保护广东近岸海洋生态环境,于2004—2010年对广东沿岸17个主要港湾的海水养殖牡蛎进行了采样,运用原子荧光光谱法监测其总汞含量,并结合1989—1993年的历史监测数据分析了广东近岸海域总体及粤东、珠江口和粤西三大主要海区牡蛎体内汞的时空分布规律,应用单因子指数法和人体暴露风险系数法（HQ）评价了牡蛎体汞含量对人体暴露的健康风险。结果表明,1989—2010年广东沿海牡蛎体内汞含量的检出率为100%,变化范围为（0.080±0.114）mg·kg-（1湿重,下同）。单因子指数评价结果与风险系数（HQ）评价结果一致。上世纪80年代末（1989年）广东海域牡蛎体内汞含量处于污染水平,健康风险系数较大（HQ=3.39×10-2）;90年代（1991—1993年）牡蛎体内汞含量逐年降低,健康风险显著降低（HQ=2.23×10-2,P〈0.05）;2004年以来,全海域的牡蛎体内汞含量一直稳定地维持在较低水平（[0.012±0.006）mg·kg-1];粤东、珠江口海域牡蛎体内含量稳定下降,粤西海域降幅有所减小。2006—2010年,人均摄取牡蛎软组织20g·d-1,每年食用200d,食用20a后,在人均寿命70岁的时间内,其健康风险系数HQ为0.13×10-2,食用安全,不存在潜在的危害性,食用广东沿海牡蛎对人体日均总汞允许摄入限量的贡献率仅为0.13%。 相似文献
42.
在对浙东沿海某典型固废拆解区的水-土壤-农作物系统进行系统调查和分析的基础上,重点探讨了污水灌溉对土壤多氯联苯（PCBs）含量的影响程度,并通过建立数学模型,对污灌区土壤PCBs含量进行了预测。结果表明,研究区土壤、水体、底泥乃至农作物均检测出相当水平的PCBs,对当地的生态安全影响较大;经因子分析和对比分析发现,约有67.3%的土壤PCBs污染是由污水灌溉引起,污水灌溉对土壤污染的影响显著;在现有农田灌溉模式不变的情况下,污灌区的土壤PCBs含量将呈上升趋势,50a后含量将增加1倍。 相似文献
43.
《Land Degradation u0026amp; Development》2018,29(4):1074-1080
The mudflats along the east coast of China can be important alternative sources for arable lands after amendment. The newly reclaimed mudflats as typical saline soils are not suitable for cultivation owing to high salinity and nutrient deficiencies. The key to amending mudflat saline soils into fertile soils is to reduce salinity in the top layer of soil. Salinity reduction is usually accomplished through rainfall and freshwater irrigation. However, lack of good soil aggregation status might attribute to salt solution rise through soil capillary. Increasing soil organic matter promoted the formation of organo‐mineral complexes and clustered soil aggregates, which is a prerequisite of hindering re‐salinization, improving fertility and facilitating the evolution of coastal mudflat soil into agricultural soil. Research on the formation of clustered soil aggregates during the evolution of mudflat soil into fertile soil should focus on the formation mechanism, influencing factors and regulatory mechanism of organo‐mineral complexes in the early stage after organic matter enters the soil. In addition, exploration of the effects of the special properties of mudflat soil, for example, high saline, high pH and low levels of clay particles, on the formation and stability of organo‐mineral complexes in soil is necessary. Research on this topic can provide scientific evidences to efficiently utilize organic resources and accelerate the evolution of mudflat soil into agricultural soil. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
44.
The effect was determined of a single dose of 2 mg kg-1 diphacinone on three blood-clotting parameters [Prothrombin Time (PT), Partial Thromboplastin Time (PTT), and Protein Induced by Vitamin K Absence or Antagonists (PIVKA)] over a 120-h period in California ground squirrels, Spermophilus beecheyi. Diphacinone resulted in elevated PT, PTT and PIVKA within 24 h of squirrels receiving the dose. The most significant change was observed 72 h after dosing. As time following diphacinone dosing increased, there was higher individual variation in blood-clotting time. We suggest that increasing the interval between field bait applications should still result in squirrel mortality but reduce the potential for secondary hazards that may occur when squirrels have the opportunity to consume more than one lethal dose of diphacinone. 相似文献
45.
BACKGROUND: Greenhouse and nursery producers use entomopathogens (nematodes and fungi) to control soil pests. Although it is known that the physical and chemical properties of mineral soil significantly impact upon soil pathogens, the influence of soilless media used for plant production on entomopathogen performance is poorly understood. RESULTS: Survival and foraging distance were differently affected by sand:peat, bark and sawdust media for entomopathogenic nematodes, but not for the immobile fungus Metarhizium anisopliae. Redwood sawdust medium consistently had a negative impact upon entomopathogenic nematodes. Dividing media into individual components supported the hypothesis that redwood sawdust reduced foraging and infection abilities of S. riobrave and H. bacteriophora. Physically altering the components by adding sand significantly improved foraging and infection success for S. riobrave in media not optimum for foraging. CONCLUSION: This study is the first to highlight the importance of selecting the appropriate soilless media and pathogen species combinations to increase efficacy of biological control. H. bacteriophora was able to find hosts in a wider diversity of medium components than S. riobrave, although both nematode species performed well in peat moss and recycled plant material. These results suggest that peat moss, recycled plant material and hardwood bark are components amenable to EPN biological control programs. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry 相似文献
46.
- A meta-analysis of 40 publications totalling 59 experiments was undertaken to review and assess the effects of changing the hook (circle vs. J-hooks or tuna hooks), bait (fish vs. squid) and leader (wire vs. nylon) type on retention and at-haulback mortality rates of teleosts (tunas and billfishes), elasmobranchs and sea turtles caught on shallow-set and deep-set pelagic longline fisheries.
- Circle hooks are a promising approach to mitigate the impact of pelagic longline fisheries on sea turtles, as they reduced sea turtle retention rates. The adoption of circle hooks would, however, also lead to a decrease in swordfish retention, the main target species of shallow-set pelagic longlines.
- Using fish as bait resulted in lower retention rates of sea turtles, highlighting that option as an additional measure to further mitigate sea turtle bycatch. The bait type had non-significant effects on sharks, except for blue shark and shortfin mako, for which at-haulback mortality rates were significantly higher with fish bait.
- The use of nylon leaders instead of wire leaders could serve as a conservation measure for sharks, as they reduced the retention of blue shark without adversely impacting the catches of swordfish. The results on the effect of the leader material types should, however, be interpreted with caution owing to the limited information available reporting on leader material effects.
- When considering future research directions, priority should be given to experimental field work on the effects of leader material and on deep-set longlines. Evaluating the post-release survival of species should also be a priority.
47.
Sérgio Amorim Miguel N. Santos Rui Coelho Joana Fernandez‐Carvalho 《水产资源保护:海洋与淡水生态系统》2015,25(4):518-533
- This paper reports the results of using different hook style and bait type combinations on the catches of targeted, bycatch and discarded fishes in the Portuguese commercial longline fishery targeting swordfish (Xiphias gladius) in the South Atlantic Ocean.
- In total, 310 longline experimental sets (446 400 hooks) were deployed between October 2008 and February 2012. Three different hook styles were tested; the traditional J‐hook (9/0) 10o offset was compared with two 17/0 circle hooks (a non‐offset and a 10o offset), and squid (Illex spp.) bait was compared with mackerel (Scomber spp.).
- Catch per unit effort (CPUE) was calculated for each fish species per fishing set and compared between the different hook style and bait type combinations. Results indicated that the effects of hook style and bait on the CPUEs were species‐specific. For example, swordfish (target species, Xiphias gladius) CPUEs were higher with J‐hooks baited with squid, while for the blue shark (most important bycatch species, Prionace glauca) the highest CPUEs were obtained with circle hooks baited with mackerel. For tuna (Thunnus spp.) and marlin (blue, Makaira nigricans and white, Kajikia albida) only the bait effect was significant, with higher catches with squid.
- For the discarded species, the proportions of alive vs dead specimens at the time of fishing gear retrieval were also species‐specific.
- The total retained catch value per unit of effort (VPUE) did not changed between the different hook and bait combinations, but these VPUEs are highly dependent on market fluctuations.
48.
Anne H. Beaudreau Eric J. Ward Richard E. Brenner Andrew O. Shelton Jordan T. Watson Jennifer C. Womack Sean C. Anderson Alan C. Haynie Kristin N. Marshall Benjamin C. Williams 《Fish and Fisheries》2019,20(4):601-619
Heterogeneity in human responses and decision‐making can contribute to the resilience of social–ecological systems in the face of environmental, political and economic pressures. In fishery systems worldwide, the ability of harvesters to maintain a diverse portfolio of fishing strategies is important for building adaptive capacity. We used a case‐study approach to examine the complexity of factors that inhibit or promote diversification in fisheries of Alaska, one of the major fishing regions of the world. Through a combination of harvest records and literature review, we explored shifts in participation and portfolio diversity in Alaskan fisheries over three decades. The four case‐studies examined the responses of fishers, fleets and communities to multiple, intersecting pressures, including biological declines, market and price dynamics, fishery privatization and the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill. These cases illustrate how stressors acting at multiple scales can encourage or constrain opportunities for diversification, and that these opportunities may be spread inequitably across participants. Overall, we found evidence for reduced participation and increasing specialization in Alaskan commercial fisheries. While numerous factors explain these trends, policies like individual quota systems and the increasing cost of entry into fisheries are forcing consolidation at local to regional scales. A portfolio approach to managing fisheries that reduces barriers to diversification and includes broad representation of resource users and communities in management may help to maintain opportunity and choice for fishers. 相似文献
49.
东南太平洋智利竹■鱼渔场分布及其与海表温关系的研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
根据2005年3月至2006年1月我国大型拖网加工渔船在东南太平洋的生产资料,结合海表温数据,按经纬度1°×1°的空间单位进行分析,利用Marine Explorer 4.0软件作图,研究作业渔场CPUE分布与海表温的关系。结果表明,适宜作业海表温为12~15℃,月平均CPUE呈正态分布:8月最高,为11.34 t/h;6~9月均超过7.00 t/h,密集鱼群区域分布在34°~40°S,79°~92°W,其海表温范围为13~15℃;10月平均CPUE为6.08 t/h,其表温范围为14~17℃;其余各月平均CPUE均不超过4.30 t/h。CPUE与适宜海表温关系通过K-S的检验。 相似文献
50.
ABSTRACT: Kawakawa Euthynnus affinis is the most abundant species among the small tuna in the coastal waters of Taiwan. The migration pattern of kawakawa to Taiwan was determined in the present study based on the species' feeding habits and reproductive biology and on temporal variation of catch for kawakawa and its prey fishes. Schools of this species successively migrate to Taiwan from September to May, and then move away in June. They travel to the waters off Taiwan with the warm Kuroshio current, migrate toward coastal waters for feeding and move away for spawning. It is suggested in the present study that the kawakawa spawning ground is in the waters of the northern Philippines. The migration of kawakawa exhibits size-segregating behavior. Schools of immature young fish first arrive in the coastal waters around Taiwan, followed by the adults. 相似文献